"Tabela Periódica" da Anticoncepção ­ uma ferramenta na escolha contraceptiva / "Periodic Table" of Contraception ­ a tool in the contraceptive choice

Estima-se que 40% das gestações no mundo sejam não planejadas. Em países de baixa renda, complicações no parto são a maior causa de morte entre mulheres de 15 a 19 anos. A disponibilidade de métodos contraceptivos reversíveis é necessária para o adequado planejamento reprodutivo. Entre os métodos reversíveis, os de longa ação (LARCs) são os mais efetivos. Métodos de curta ação (SARCs) são preferenciais para pacientes que desejam gestar a curto prazo e para as quais a gestação não será indesejada. O presente estudo é uma revisão narrativa da literatura, de artigos em inglês e português publicados entre 2009 e 2020, utilizando as bases de dados SciELO, Medline e Embase. O objetivo desta revisão é apresentar os LARCs e SARCs em uma tabela com dados comparativos que auxiliem na tomada de decisão do médico e da paciente e permita estabelecer estratégias para um planejamento familiar adequado.(AU)

It is estimated that 40% of pregnancies in the world are unplanned. In low-income countries, complications in childbirth are the major cause of death among women aged 15 to 19 years. The availability of reversible contraceptive methods is necessary for proper reproductive planning. Among the reversible methods, long-acting reversible contraception (LARCs) is the most effective. Short-acting reversible contraception (SARCs) methods are preferred for patients who wish to become pregnant in the short term and for whom pregnancy will not be undesirable. The present study is a narrative review of the literature, of articles in English and Portuguese published between 2009 and 2020, using the databases SciELO, Medline and Embase. The purpose of this review is to present the LARCs and SARCs in a table with comparative data that assist in the decision making of the doctor and the patient and allow to establish strategies for adequate family planning.(AU)

Determinants of the use of family planning methods among rural women in Plateau state, Nigeria

This study aimed at determining the factors that influence family planning practice among rural women of Pankshin district inPlateau state, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study using a simple random sampling method was conducted from October to December 2019. A self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection among 302 respondents. Among respondents, 48.3% had practised family planning and the most popular family planning method ever practised was injectables (57.5%). The determinants of family planning practice were age group 29-39 and 40-49 years old (AOR=4.373, p<0.001; AOR=5.862, p<0.001), discussion with partner (AOR=9.192, p<0.001) and partner's approval (AOR=2.791, p=0.007). Findings showed an encouraging family planning prevalence with the main determinants involving male partners. Further efforts need to be made to promote family planning practice among male partners and to empower women of all reproductive age groups by providing them with relevant information that is needed for them to make informed decisions. (Afr J Reprod Health 2022; 26[4]: 32-41).

Drivers of contraceptive use choice in Zambia

Modern approaches of birth control have emerged as broadly accepted family planning methods in replacement of traditional alternatives. However, the effectiveness of modern contraceptives has been challenged by serious side effects, either experienced or expected, with inhibiting consequences on the acceptability and utilisation of family planning service. This paper disentangles the drivers of none-use, traditional and modern contraceptive use in Zambia using the 2018 Zambian Demographic Health Surveys (DHS) data. The Conditional logit choice modelling technique is employed to account not only for the differences in alternative contraceptive options but also the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of individual woman making the choice. Empirical results indicate that educated, older and poorer women are likely to adopt the traditional contraceptive methods whereas employed women are indifferent between traditional and modern birth control options. Furthermore, Christian women and those from other religions as well as women with no education prefer no birth control method. The study concludes that employment has the potential to serve as an alternative and safer birth control tool in developing countries and namely in Zambia. Therefore, government's effort to expand family planning program should mainly target non-educated women while promoting safer contraceptive methods. This can be achieved through women education and job creation. (Afr J Reprod Health 2022; 26[5]:13- 27).

Factors influencing utilization of modern family planning services by persons living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus at Luwero Hospital, Uganda

Introduction: The use of modern family planning methods is key for achieving the prevention of unintended pregnancies among women living with HIV, in the prevention of Mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) package. The purpose of this study was to examine the factors influencing the utilization of modern family planning services by persons living with HIV at Luwero Hospital, Uganda. Methods: The study was conducted among 210 persons living with HIV attending the ART clinic and was based on cross-sectional descriptive and analytical design. Sampling was by simple random techniques. Data was collected using researcher-administered questionnaires. Results: The uptake of Modern FP services is low (36.7%) among persons living with HIV. It was attributed to client-related factors such as being married [AOR: 2.2, 95% CI [1.123-4.140], p = 0.038]) and other factors. These are; religious views discouraging use of modern FP (p= 0.034), negative side effects (AOR: 1.8, 95% CI [0.043-1.968], p = 0.044) and services being unfriendly for persons living with HIV (p=0.000]). Conclusions: Despite the presence of modern family planning services, uptake among persons living with HIV is low. Poor utilization is a recipe for unintended pregnancy and thus jeopardizes efforts in the elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV

Método de Ovulação Billings: entre eficácia e desconhecimento / Billings Ovulation Method: between efficacy and lack of knowledge / Método de Ovulación Billings: entre la eficacia y el desconocimiento

Resumo Apesar dos grandes investimentos, os métodos artificiais de planejamento familiar ainda apresentam limitações. Desde a década de 1950, cientistas trabalham para desenvolver um método natural confiável. Este artigo revisa a literatura sobre o Método de Ovulação Billings, apontando sua lógica, sua eficácia, seus benefícios, seus desafios e suas regras. Trata-se de método natural, embasado em mais de cinquenta anos de pesquisas. Sua chave de leitura é o muco cervical, confiável indicador da fertilidade, e sua eficácia está entre 97% e 99%, comparável aos métodos mais eficazes. O método também é indicado para todo tipo de ciclo, pois não se baseia em cálculos, e sim na observação do muco. Conclui-se que no Brasil é preciso fortalecer programas que ofereçam educação sexual mais global à população, capacitando ainda profissionais da saúde a respeito dos métodos naturais de planejamento familiar.

Abstract Despite large investments, artificial family planning methods still have limitations. Since the 1950s, scientists have worked to develop a reliable natural method. This article reviews the literature on the Billings Ovulation Method, pointing out its logic, efficacy, benefits, challenges, and rules. It is a natural method, based on more than fifty years of research. Its reading key is the cervical mucus, a reliable indicator of fertility, and its efficacy is between 97 and 99%, comparable to most effective methods. Billings is also suitable for all types of cycles, as it is not based on calculations, but on the observation of the mucus. In conclusion, Brazil needs to strengthen programs that offer more global sexual education to the population, also training health professionals on natural family planning methods.

Resumen A pesar de las grandes inversiones, los métodos artificiales de planificación familiar todavía tienen limitaciones. Desde la década de 1950, los científicos vienen trabajando para desarrollar un método natural confiable. Este artículo revisa la literatura sobre el Método de Ovulación Billings, presentando su lógica, efectividad, beneficios, desafíos y reglas. Se trata de un método natural, basado en más de cincuenta años de investigación. Su clave es el moco cervical, un indicador confiable de fertilidad, y su efectividad está entre el 97% y el 99%, comparable a los métodos más efectivos. El Método de Ovulación Billings también es adecuado para todo tipo de ciclos, ya que no se fundamenta en cálculos, sino en la observación de mocos. Se concluye que en Brasil es necesario fortalecer programas que ofrezcan una educación sexual más global a la población, además de capacitar a los profesionales de la salud sobre métodos naturales de planificación familiar.

Impacto en la percepción de intimidad conyugal en parejas usuarias de Métodos naturales para regular fertilidad / Impact on the perception of marital intimacy in couples using natural methods for regular fertility

Introducción: El uso de métodos naturales para regular la fertilidad requiere de cooperación y aceptación en las parejas usuarias. Nuestra hipótesis es que esta dinámica psicosexual influencia positivamente la percepción de la calidad de la intimidad conyugal. Diseño del estudio: Cohorte prospectiva con análisis pre y post intervención utilizando el PAIR (instrumento desarrollado para el análisis de la intimidad conyugal). Resultados: Un total de veinte parejas fueron estudiadas luego de que cumplieran todos los criterios definidos previamente. El análisis descriptivo mostró un aumento en los valores positivos en ambos sexos al comparar la evaluación inicial con la posterior a 6 meses de uso del registro de fertilidad. El índice de convencionalidad mostró valores elevados, tanto dentro de la pareja como al compararse con las demás. Los resultados evidencian satisfacción en la intimidad conyugal en todas las áreas evaluadas. En las mujeres, y a los 6 meses de uso, la experiencia de intimidad mejora en todas las áreas excepto en el área social. En los hombres, mejora la experiencia en todas las áreas, incluyendo el área social. Al analizar el área recreacional, tanto en hombres como en mujeres, hay un aumento significativo en la experiencia de intimidad luego de la intervención. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados sugieren que el aprendizaje y uso de los métodos naturales para regular la fertilidad tiene efectos beneficiosos en la percepción de la intimidad conyugal.

Background: the use of NFP demands cooperation and acceptance between the couple. We propose that this psychosexual dynamics could influence the perception on the quality of the couple's intimacy. Study design: a prospective cohort with pre and post intervention analysis using the PAIR (Personal Assessment of Intimacy Relationships) instrument. Results: Twenty couples fulfilled the prerequisites for study. The descriptive analysis showed an increase in the positive values for both sexes between the initial taking of test, and after six months. The conventionality index showed high values, but very similar in the members of each couple, and also between couples. The results show satisfaction of couple intimacy in all areas. At six months the experience of intimacy in women increases in all areas, except in the social area. Among men the experience of intimacy increases in all areas and significantly in the social area. In the case of the recreational area, for women as much as for men, the increase is significant after the intervention. Conclusions: It seems that couples who learn and use natural family planning methods have a better perception of their intimacy.

Sentimento de mulheres em relação ao uso do método de ovulação billings / Feeling of women regarding the use of the billings ovulation method

Conhecer os sentimentos de mulheres em relação ao uso do Método de Ovulação Billings como planejamento familiar. Métodos: estudo qualitativo, realizado com oito mulheres, por meio de entrevista semiestruturada e dados analisados por meio da análise temática. Resultados: organizados em quatro categorias temáticas principais: Uso do método e autoconhecimento do corpo; Insegurança quanto ao uso do método; Escolha baseada em princípios religiosos; e Cumplicidade do casal na execução do método. Conclusão:as mulheres participantes que utilizavam o Método de Ovulação Billings sentiam-se satisfeitas e seguras, sendo a participação do parceiro fundamental para ocorrência do método como planejamento familiar natural.

Objective: to know the feelings of women regarding the use of the Billings Ovulation Method as family planning.Methods: a qualitative study was carried out with eight women through a semi-structured interview and datawere analyzed through the thematic analysis. Results: the results were organized into four main thematiccategories: Use of the method and self-knowledge of the body; Insecurity as to the use of the method; Choicebased on religious principles; and Complicity of the couple in the execution of the method. Conclusion:participants using the Billings Ovulation Method were satisfied and safe, and the participation of the partnerwas critical to the use of the method as natural family planning.

Guía nacional de planificación familiar / National Family Planning Guide

Esta guía, es una actualización de la edición del 2010, y es el resultado de una compilación de información basada en evidencia científica sobre los métodos anticonceptivos y el proceso de planificación familiar. Está dirigida a proveedores de salud en general y contiene lineamientos técnico normativos y científicos que deben tomarse en cuenta para la consejería balanceada en métodos de planificación familiar. Incluye una descripción detallada de métodos y dispositivos anticonceptivos.

Vivência da mulher na escolha do Método de Ovulação Billings / Woman’s experience with the choice of the Billings Ovulation Method / Experiencia de la mujer en la elección del Método de Ovulación Billings

Trata-se de um estudo de caso com abordagem qualitativa, realizado entre fevereiro e novembro de 2010, com 10 mulheres, com idade média de 34 anos, usuárias do Método da Ovulação Billings (MOB), há mais de dois anos, cujo objetivo foi compreender a vivência da mulher na escolha do MOB. Os dados foram obtidos a partir de entrevistas, e analisados segundo a técnica de análise de conteúdo. As categorias de análise apontaram as principais infl uências na escolha do MOB: religião; naturalidade do método e benefícios do autoconhecimento. Concluiu-se que as mulheres revelam confiança na realização do método, que ele traz benefícios para as usuárias e que há necessidade de orientação profissional para a sua prática correta.

This is a case study with a qualitative approach, carried out between February and November 2010 with 10 women, mean age of 34 years old, users of this Billings Ovulation Method (MOB) for over than two years, with the objective of understand the experience of women by choosing the MOB. Data was obtained from interviews, and analyzed through content analysis technique. The categories of analysis showed that the reasons for the choices of the MOB were: religion; natural method, and benefits of self-knowledge. It was concluded that women show confidence in carrying out the method, that it brings benefits for users and that there is a need for professional guidance for its correct practice.

Se trata de un estudio de caso con abordaje cualitativa, realizado entre febrero y noviembre de 2010, con 10 mujeres, con edad media de 34 años, usuarias del Método de la Ovulación Billings (MOB) a más de dos años, cuyo objetivo fue comprender la vivencia de la mujer en elegir el MOB. Los dados se obtuvieron a partir de entrevistas, y fueran analizados según la técnica de análisis de contenido. Las categorías de análisis mostraron que las mayores infl uencias para la elección del MOB fueron: religión; naturalidad del método y beneficios del auto-conocimiento. Sin embargo, se concluye que las mujeres muestran confianza en la realización del método, que esto trae beneficios para ellas y que hay necesidad de orientación profesional para la práctica correcta del método.

Impacto del programa de salud reproductiva, sexualidad y planificación familiar en el Centro de Salud Municipal Nº 50 de Barrio Villa Adela-Ciudad de Córdoba-Enero de 2005 a Diciembre de 2008 / Impact of the reproductive health, sexuality and family planning in the Municipal Health Center No. 50 Villa Adela Barrio - Córdoba City - January 2005 to December 2008

Mediante este trabajo se trató de establecer si la creación del Programa de Salud Reproductiva, Sexualidad y Planificación Familiar, por parte de la Municipalidad de Córdoba, en mayo de2003, a posteriori de la promulgación de la Ley Nacional Nº 25673 sobre Salud Sexual y Procreación Responsable, allana el camino para que las mujeres en edad fértil que consultan en el Centro de Salud Municipal Nº 50de Barrio Villa Adela de la ciudad de Córdoba, accedan a un método anticonceptivo adecuado que les permita programar una maternidad – paternidad responsable, prevenir los abortos provocados, disminuir la morbi-mortalidad infantil, evitar enfermedades de transmisión sexual, prevenir el embarazo adolescente, etc. Plantea la posibilidad que la población tenga acceso, sin discriminación, a los recursos para una procreación responsable y potencia la participación femenina en la toma de decisiones relativas a su salud sexual, otorgando especial contención a los “grupos de riesgo”. Por su parte, el Estado a través de los Programas Nacionales de Salud Pública o de la Obra Social a la que pertenecen , tiene el compromiso de ser el proveedor de esos recursos, que deberán tener carácter reversible, no abortivos y transitorios. En este estudio se utilizó cantidades mensuales de pacientes registradas en dos franjas etarias :menores de 20 años y mayores de 20 años, frecuencias del uso de distintos métodos anticonceptivos y cantidad de embarazadas en el período comprendido entre Enero del 2005 y Diciembre del 2008.

Summary: Through this work we tried to establish whether the creation of the Program on Reproductive Health, Sexuality and Family Planning, by the Municipality of Córdoba, in May 2003, subsequent to the enactment of the National Law No. 25,673 on Sexual Health and Parenthood Responsible, paves the way for women of childbearing age who visit the Municipal Health Center No. 50Shopping Barrio Villa Adela city of Cordoba, accessing adequate contraception that allows them to schedule a maternity-parenting, prevent abortions caused, reducing morbidity and mortality, prevent sexually transmitted diseases, teen pregnancy prevention, etc.. It raises the possibility that the public has access, without discrimination, to resources for responsible procreation and power women's participation in decision-making regarding their sexual health, with special containment to "risk groups". So, the State through the National Public Health or Welfare to which they belong, is committed to being the provider of these resources, which must be reversible, not abortifacients and transient. In this study we used monthly amounts of patients registered in two age groups: under 20 and over 20 years, frequency of use of contraceptive methods and number of pregnant women in the period between January 2005 and December 2008.

Introducción al método de la ovulación o método Billings / Introduction to the ovulation method or Billings method

El presente material fue elaborado con la intención de ofrecer a los estudiantes e medicina y profesionales de la salud un material de lectura con las nociones básicas del método, que pueda ser utilizado por los mismos como material de apoyo para la atención primaria en salud (APS) con que cuenta la Carrera de Medicina de la Universidad Católica Nuestra Señora de la Asunción. Introducción al método de la ovulación, fue redactado en forma sencilla, por lo que podrá también ser utilizado como fuente de información para las pacientes que deseen conocer el método. En honor a su título, este material de ninguna manera pretende lograr expertos en el tema, pero si proporcionar a los estudiantes y profesionales de la salud, el entrenamiento básico que les permita apoyar y asesorar a las pacientes que desean seguir el método de ovulación. (AU)

Conhecimento, aceitabilidade e uso do método billings de planejamento familiar natural / El conocimiento, la aceptación y el uso del método Billings de planificación familiar natural / Knowledge, acceptability and use of the Billings natural family planning method

Estudo observacional, quantitativo analítico que objetivou verificar o conhecimento, a aceitabilidade e o uso do planejamento familiar natural (PFN) pelos pacientes em um hospital universitário no período de julho a novembro de 2008. Os dados foram coletados utilizando questionário estruturado e analisados através dos Programas Excel e Statistica 8.0. Das 113 mulheres entrevistadas, 70 (62 por cento) aceitavam o método e 1 (0,9 por cento) fazia o uso rotineiro. A aceitação foi maior entre as que desejavam engravidar no futuro quando comparadas aquelas que não desejavam engravidar. A aceitabilidade foi estatisticamente significativa (p=0,0147) entre as 28 (80 por cento) não usuárias de métodos contraceptivos comparadas a 42 (53,8 por cento) com algum método contraceptivo. Fatores como idade, escolaridade, número de filhos vivos e religião não apresentaram associação estatística com a aceitabilidade do PFN. A aceitabilidade do método de ovulação Billings é adequada, porém com pouco uso na prática por falta de informação pelos profissionais da saúde da verdadeira eficácia e aplicabilidade.

Estudio observacional, cuantitativo y analítico para verificar el conocimiento, la aceptación y el uso de la planificación familiar natural (PFN) en un hospital universitario en el periodo de julio a noviembre de 2008. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de cuestionario estructurado y analizados mediante los programas Excel e Statistica 8.0. De las 113 mujeres entrevistadas, 70 (62,0 por ciento) aceptaron el método y 1 (0,9 por ciento) tenían uso rutinario. Aceptación fue mayor entre las que deseaban futuros embarazos en comparación con aquellos que no desean quedar embarazadas. Aceptabilidad fue estadísticamente significativa (p=0,0147) entre 28 (80,0 por ciento) no usuarias de anticonceptivos en comparación con 42 (53,8 por ciento) con el método anticonceptivo. Factores como edad, escolaridad, número de hijos vivos y religión no se asoció estadísticamente con la aceptación de PFN. Aceptabilidad del método Billings es adecuada, pero con poca utilidad en la práctica por falta de información por parte de profesionales de salud de la efectividad y aplicabilidad.

This is an observational, quantitative and analytical study aimed at verifying the knowledge, acceptability and use of natural family planning (NFP) by patients in a university hospital from July to November, 2008. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed with the softwares Excel and Statistica 8.0. Of the 113 women interviewed, 70 (62 percent) accepted the method and 1 (0.9 percent) used it routinely. Acceptance was higher among those who wished to become pregnant in the future compared to those who did not wish it. Acceptability was statistically significant (p = 0.0147) among the 28 (80 percent) non-contraceptive users compared to 42 (53.8 percent) who used some contraceptive method. Factors such as age, education, number of living children and religion were not statiscally associated with the acceptability of NFP. The Billings ovulation method has an adequate acceptability, but has a low actual use because of the lack of information by health professionals of its real effectiveness and applicability.

Adding the Standard Days Method® to the contraceptive method mix in a high-prevalence setting in Peru / Adición del Método de Días Fijos® a la combinación de métodos anticonceptivos en un entorno de alta prevalencia de anticoncepción en el Perú

OBJECTIVE: To determine what contribution the Standard Days Method® (SDM) makes to the contraceptive mix offered by regular health services in areas of Peru where contraceptive prevalence rates (CPR) are already high. METHODS: SDM was added to the family planning methods offered by the Ministry of Health in two provinces in Peru in September 2002. Retrospective interviews were conducted in March-June 2004 with 1 200 women who had chosen SDM as their contraceptive method and had used it for 2-20 months. Data were also obtained from the databases of the participating health services. The evaluation covered SDM demand, whether or not clients were switching to SDM from other modern methods, and SDM continuation and effectiveness. RESULTS: Demand for SDM stabilized at 6 percent of all new family planning users. Most users had not been using any reliable contraception at the time they started using SDM. About 89 percent of those who began using SDM at least 6 months before the interview were still using it at 6 months. The 12-month typical use pregnancy rate was estimated to be around 10.0 per 100 women years. CONCLUSIONS: Adding SDM to a program's existing contraceptive method mix can increase coverage even in an already high-CPR setting. Most women who choose SDM do not switch from any other modern family planning method. Continuation compares well with other modern user-directed methods. SDM effectiveness, when offered in regular service delivery circumstances, compares well to efficacy trial findings.

OBJETIVO: Definir la contribución del Método de Días Fijos® (MDF) a la combinación de métodos anticonceptivos que ofrecen los servicios de salud en dos provincias del Perú, donde las tasas de prevalencia de anticoncepción ya son altas. MÉTODOS: El MDF se agregó a los métodos de planificación familiar ofrecidos por el Ministerio de Salud en dos provincias en el Perú en septiembre del 2002. Entre marzo y junio del 2004, se llevaron a cabo entrevistas retrospectivas a 1 200 mujeres que habían escogido este método anticonceptivo y lo habían usado durante un período de 2 a 20 meses. Se obtuvo también información a partir de las bases de datos de los servicios de salud que participaron en el estudio. Se recogieron datos para determinar la demanda del MDF, si las usuarias hicieron la transición del MDF a otros métodos modernos por el de los días fijos y con la continuidad del uso del método y su eficacia. RESULTADOS: La demanda del MDF se estabilizó en 6 por ciento de todas las nuevas usuarias de planificación familiar. La mayoría de ellas no estaba utilizando otro método de anticoncepción en el momento de comenzar a usar este método. Cerca de 89 por ciento de las mujeres que habían empezado a usar el MDF al menos 6 meses antes de la entrevista, todavía lo estaban usando 6 meses después. Se calculó que la tasa de embarazo con un uso típico del método durante 12 meses fue alrededor de 10,0 por 100 años-mujer. CONCLUSIONES: La adición del MDF a las opciones de métodos anticonceptivos propuestos por un programa puede aumentar la cobertura, incluso en entornos que ya cuentan con una alta tasa de prevalencia de anticoncepción. La mayoría de las mujeres que eligieron el MDF no había usado antes otro método moderno de planificación familiar. La continuación de su uso es comparable con la continuación de otros métodos modernos que dependen del usuario. La eficacia del MDF, cuando se ofrece en un contexto de prestación de servicios regulares es comparable con los resultados que se obtuvieron en el estudio de eficacia.

Factors Related to the Uptake of Natural Family Planning by Clients of Catholic Health Units in Masaka Diocese; Uganda

Globally and locally in Uganda; family planning (FP) is promoted to enable individuals and couples to space and limit childbirth. FP promotion is based on demographic and health concerns and basic human rights. Clients can use either artificial family planning (AFP) or natural family planning (NFP) methods but none is 100effective. Whereas NFP methods are known to be free from side effects; with no continuous costs; and widely accepted by most religions and cultures; most clients use AFP methods despite their many side effects and costs. The Roman Catholic Church (RCC) opposes AFP methods on fundamental grounds such as the definition of the onset of life and the purpose of sexual union. Additional reasons fronted by the church include the potential misuse of AFP methods and the false sense of security they impart to the users. This study set out to find out how health services under the RCC promote the use of NFP methods in an area of heavy RCC presence; and how these efforts translate into uptake of the methods. It shows that despite the recommendation of NFP methods; RCC health units did not have staff trained in promoting and offering NFP methods. There were no budgets; supplies; registers; teaching AIDS; and no records of NFP clients were kept. No space for NFP clinics was provided and there was no arrangement for continuous professional education (CPE) for NFP providers. Basic knowledge about NFP e.g. the role of breastfeeding and periodic abstinence was acquired from friends. Knowledge about NFP methods was insufficient among clients to the services and in some health workers. Most of the respondents; of which 76( 154/202) were Catholics had more information about AFP methods and knew where to access them. The study recommends that RCC authorities in Uganda; as the main champions of NFP; need to provide political commitment to NFP; invest more in and reinvigorate the teaching of NFP methods through their structures. In addition; there is need for support supervision on NFP access and use within RCC health facilities

effect of breast-feeding in contracption which is a method of natural family planning

Bongaarts's model of Ci calculation was used to calculate the contribution of breast-feeding to family planning. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the area of Istanbul [TURKEY] Silivri Public Health Practice and Research Center between the dates of 20th May-1st October 2005. In this study whole under 1 year old babies, composed the sample [n=1247]. Bongaarts model can be summarized as Total Fertility Rate [TFR]= TF x Ci x CA x CC x Cm and takes its bases from TF [total fertility]. Ci is the Postparum infekunditi index. Ci= 20/[18.5+i] is calculated by this formula. The first menstruation period, after pregnancy ends, was taken as the value 'i'. The average age for the total 1247 mothers who contributed to this study was 26.7 +/- 5.2 [R: 16 - 50] yr. The women whose menstruation turned back [n=830], the average amenore period was found as 3.0 +/- 1.9 [1-12 months]. Ci's average value was 0.94 +/- 0.07 [0,66-1.03] and a r= -0.08, P= 0.012 correlation was appointed between mother's age and Ci. 7.7% of participants [n: 96] used breast-feeding as a contraceptive method. These participants used breast-feeding as contraception for 16.9 +/- 14.5 wk. Breast-feeding is a reliable and a positive affecting method of family planning for both improving the baby and mother's health. Furthermore also by affecting TFR over Ci, it provides a positive contribution to society health

use-effectiveness of the combined contraceptive methods: standard days method, condom and emergency contraceptive pills

In our country about 20% of couples are using natural methods of family planning or none of the family planning methods. The Standard Days Method is a fertility awareness-based method of family planning in which users avoid unprotected intercourse during cycle days 8 through 19. The aim of this experimental study was to determine the use-effectiveness of the combined contraceptive methods: Standard days method, condom and emergency contraceptive pills. A total of 240 women, age I 7-40 years, in rural area in the west of Tabriz city, with self-reported cycles of 26-32 days, desiring to delay pregnancy at least one year were admitted to the study. After teaching the method to the subjects, they followed-up for 12 months to complete the study or excluded from study. Pearl pregnancy rate was used to determine percentage of protection of unplanned pregnancy. Analysis of data indicated that 117 women didn't get pregnant until the end of study [12 months]. Only 8 women got pregnant, and a total of 1956 woman-months out of 240 women was calculated. So first-year pregnancy rate was 4.91% and percentage of protection of unplanned pregnancy was 95.09 irrespective of correct or incorrect use. The results show that this combined method may be an effective and acceptable method for couples

Hablemos de métodos anticonceptivos / sss

La presente cartilla de educación sexual, se refiere en este caso a los diferentes métodos anticonceptivos, se halla ilustrado

Efectividad clínica del método mucotérmico para regular la fertilidad: resultados de un programa aplicado en la comuna de San Bernardo / Clinical efficacy of natural family planning methods: outcomes of study design in comuna of San Bernardo, Chile

Antecedentes: Los métodos naturales modernos para la regulación de la fertilidad (MNMRF) son un sistema estandarizado de instrucciones que, aplicadas correctamente por la usuaria, le permiten diagnosticar con precisión los días de infertilidad y de fertilidad presentes en un ciclo menstrual. Su aplicabilidad clínica como método para regular la fertilidad ha sido ampliamente documentada. Los MNMRF permiten, a su vez, evaluar el funcionamiento endocrino gonadal de la usuaria. Objetivos: El objetivo principal fue determinar la efectividad clínica para espaciar los embarazos de los MNMRF en un programa aplicado en la comuna de San Bernardo. El objetivo secundario fue describir las características socio demográficas de las usuarias de los MNMRF. Método: Estudio de cohorte prospectivo. La intervención consistió en la instrucción modular de un método mucotérmico. Resultados: Se reportan los resultados de todas las pacientes consecutivas ingresadas al programa entre el 1° de enero de 1996 hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2003 que hayan finalizado la instrucción. Contactaron el programa 600 pacientes, de las que 389 (64,8 por ciento) comenzaron efectivamente el proceso de instrucción completándolo a la fecha de cierre de este análisis el 67,6 por ciento de ellas (263/389). La efectividad clínica, calculada con tabla de sobrevida, fue de 94,3 por ciento (IC: 86,8-97,6). Conclusiones: El método natural enseñado es altamente efectivo para espaciar o limitar los nacimientos.